Understanding Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects millions of people across all ages, shaping how they think, behave and interact with the world. ADHD is often thought of as a childhood condition, but it frequently lasts into adulthood. Additionally, some adults may have ADHD and just not have been diagnosed as children.

This SSG Health+Wellness Insight provides an overview of ADHD, including its symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for both children and adults.

About ADHD

ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. These symptoms typically begin in childhood, often before age 12, and can continue into adolescence and adulthood. ADHD affects brain development and function, particularly areas responsible for executive functioning (e.g., planning, focus and impulse control).

The DSM-5, which contains diagnostic criteria for health care professionals, outlines three types of ADHD:

1. Predominantly inattentive type ADHD—Individuals mainly struggle with attention, organization and focus and have trouble following through on tasks.
2. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type ADHD—Individuals primarily exhibit hyperactivity and impulsive behaviors, such as excessive movement, fidgeting, excessive talking and interrupting others.
3. Combined type ADHD—This is the most common type, diagnosed when both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms have been present for the past six months.

ADHD Symptoms

ADHD typically begins in childhood, with symptoms often noticeable before age 12. However, many adults also live with ADHD, with some diagnosed later in life and others who were never diagnosed as children. While the core symptoms remain consistent, they can manifest differently depending on age.

According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), children with ADHD may exhibit the following symptoms:

• Frequent daydreaming or forgetfulness
• Difficulty staying seated or quiet
• Excessive talking or interrupting others
• Trouble following instructions or completing tasks
• Impulsive behavior, such as grabbing or blurting out answers
• Emotional outbursts or mood swings

Adult ADHD symptoms can include the following:

• Chronic disorganization and procrastination
• Difficulty focusing or completing tasks
• Restlessness or feeling “on edge”
• Impulsive decisions or risky behavior
• Trouble managing time and responsibilities
• Emotional dysregulation, including mood swings and frustration

Diagnosis

Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive evaluation. There is no single test for ADHD. Instead, health care providers use a combination of the following:

• Clinical interviews
• Behavior rating scales
• Reports from family, teachers or colleagues
• Medical and psychological history

For children, symptoms must be present in two or more settings (e.g., home and school) and must interfere with development. For adults, symptoms must have been present since childhood and continue to affect daily life.

Treatment

ADHD treatment is highly individualized and often includes a combination of these approaches:

• Medication—Stimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamines are commonly prescribed. Nonstimulant options, such as atomoxetine or certain antidepressants, may be used when stimulants aren’t suitable.
• Behavioral therapy—Especially effective for children, behavioral therapy helps manage disruptive behaviors and improve social skills. Parent training is often recommended for younger children. For adults, cognitive behavioral therapy (also known as CBT) can help address negative thought patterns, improve organization and develop coping strategies.

Generally speaking, ADHD can be treated using therapy and medication. While not necessarily one of those two approaches, the following nondrug methods may also help individuals manage their ADHD symptoms:

• Support groups—ADHD support groups help individuals build meaningful connections and seek advice from others with similar experiences.
• ADHD coaching—An ADHD coach collaborates with individuals to form strategies to overcome daily struggles. Topics can range widely from time management and organization to listening and social skills.
• Educational and workplace accommodations—Support in school or work settings (e.g., extended time on tasks and structured routines) can make a significant difference.
• Lifestyle adjustments—Regular exercise, sleep hygiene and mindfulness practices can help manage symptoms and improve an individual’s overall well-being.

Just as ADHD symptoms and the way they impact daily living may change across the lifetime, needs for support and treatment vary for adults and children.

Conclusion

ADHD is a complex but manageable condition. With the right support, individuals with ADHD can thrive in school, work and relationships. Whether you’re navigating ADHD yourself or supporting someone who is, understanding the symptoms, seeking a proper diagnosis and exploring treatment options are key steps toward empowerment and success.

For more information, visit websites for the CDC or the Attention Deficit Disorder Association. A health care professional can also answer any questions and provide additional resources or guidance related to ADHD.